What Is ADHD?

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a clinically recognized neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that are inconsistent with a person’s developmental level.

ADHD may present differently across the lifespan. While symptoms often begin in childhood, many individuals continue to experience ADHD into adulthood, where it may appear as chronic disorganization, difficulty managing time, emotional dysregulation, or impaired work performance.

Core Symptoms of ADHD

ADHD symptoms generally fall into three primary domains.

Inattention

• Difficulty sustaining focus

• Disorganization and poor time management

• Forgetfulness and frequent loss of items

• Easily distracted by external or internal stimuli

Hyperactivity

• Restlessness or inability to remain seated

• Fidgeting or constant movement

• Excessive talking or difficulty engaging quietly

Impulsivity

• Interrupting others

• Difficulty waiting or taking turns

• Making quick or risky decisions without considering consequences

Symptoms must be persistent, impairing, and present in multiple settings (such as home, school, or work) to meet diagnostic criteria.

Causes and Risk Factors

ADHD is believed to result from a combination of genetic and neurobiological factors, including:

• Strong genetic predisposition

• Differences in brain structure and neurotransmitter function

• Prenatal exposure to toxins (e.g., alcohol, nicotine)

• Premature birth or low birth weight

• History of brain injury or neurological complications

ADHD is not caused by poor parenting, lack of discipline, or low intelligence.

ADHD Evaluation and Diagnosis

A comprehensive ADHD assessment includes:

• Clinical interview and developmental history

• Review of symptoms across settings

• Evaluation for co-occurring conditions (such as anxiety, depression, or learning disorders)

Accurate diagnosis is essential to guide effective treatment and avoid misdiagnosis.

Treatment Options for ADHD

ADHD is highly treatable. Most individuals benefit from a multimodal treatment approach tailored to their age, symptoms, and functional needs.

Medications

• Stimulants (e.g., methylphenidate, amphetamine-based medications)

• Non-stimulants (e.g., atomoxetine, guanfacine)

Medication can improve attention, impulse control, and emotional regulation when appropriately prescribed and monitored.

Therapy and Behavioral Interventions

• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

• Behavioral coaching and skill-building

• Support for executive functioning and emotional regulation

Therapy is especially helpful for adults and adolescents managing organization, motivation, and stress.

Supportive Strategies

• Academic or workplace accommodations

• Structured routines and external supports

• Mindfulness and stress-management techniques

• Education for patients and families

Living With ADHD

With proper treatment and support, individuals with ADHD can thrive academically, professionally, and socially. Early recognition and ongoing care play a critical role in improving long-term outcomes.