PMS Overview

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) involves a group of emotional and physical symptoms that typically occur one to two weeks before menstruation and improve shortly after the menstrual period begins.

Symptoms vary in severity and may fluctuate from cycle to cycle. While PMS is common, symptoms that interfere with daily life should be evaluated and treated.

Common PMS Symptoms

• Mood swings or emotional sensitivity

• Irritability or increased stress

• Bloating, fatigue, or headaches

• Food cravings or appetite changes

PMDD Overview

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) is a severe and clinically distinct form of PMS. It is characterized by intense emotional and psychological symptoms that significantly disrupt daily functioning, work performance, and relationships.

PMDD is not simply “severe PMS” — it is a diagnosable mental health condition requiring targeted treatment.

PMDD Symptoms

Symptoms of PMDD may include:

• Severe depression, anxiety, or mood instability

• Marked irritability or anger

• Loss of interest in usual activities

• Sleep disturbances or appetite changes

• Difficulty concentrating or feeling overwhelmed

To meet diagnostic criteria, symptoms must occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and resolve shortly after menstruation begins.

Evaluation and Diagnosis

A comprehensive evaluation may include:

• Review of symptom patterns across multiple menstrual cycles

• Assessment of mood, anxiety, and functional impairment

• Screening for co-occurring mental health conditions

• Review of medical history, medications, and hormonal factors

Accurate diagnosis is essential to guide effective treatment and avoid misattribution of symptoms.

Treatment Options for PMS and PMDD

Treatment is individualized and may include one or more of the following approaches.

Lifestyle Changes

• Regular exercise

• Balanced nutrition

• Stress reduction and sleep optimization

Lifestyle interventions can reduce symptom severity and improve overall well-being.

Medications

• SSRIs, often effective for PMDD and severe PMS

• Hormonal contraceptives to regulate hormonal fluctuations

Medication choices are tailored to symptom patterns and individual health needs.

Supplements

• Calcium

• Magnesium

• Vitamin B6

Supplement use should always be discussed with a healthcare provider to ensure safety and appropriate dosing.

Therapy

• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to support emotional regulation and coping strategies

Therapy can be especially helpful for managing mood symptoms and stress sensitivity.

Living With PMS or PMDD

With proper diagnosis and treatment, many individuals experience significant improvement in symptoms and daily functioning. Early recognition and consistent care can reduce symptom burden and support long-term emotional health.