What Are Panic Attacks?

Panic attacks are abrupt surges of intense fear or discomfort that typically peak within minutes and are accompanied by pronounced physical and emotional symptoms.

They may occur unexpectedly or in response to specific triggers and can happen even in the absence of immediate danger. Because symptoms can resemble medical emergencies, panic attacks are often mistaken for heart attacks or other serious conditions.

Common Symptoms of Panic Attacks

Symptoms may vary but often include a combination of physical and psychological experiences:

• Rapid heartbeat or chest pain

• Shortness of breath or choking sensations

• Dizziness, lightheadedness, nausea, or chills

• Sweating or trembling

• Fear of losing control or dying

• Numbness, tingling, or feelings of detachment from reality

Although distressing, panic attacks are not dangerous.

Causes and Risk Factors

Panic attacks and panic disorder may develop due to a combination of factors, including:

• High levels of stress or exposure to trauma

• Genetic vulnerability or differences in brain chemistry

• Underlying anxiety disorders, including panic disorder

• Sensitivity to bodily sensations or heightened stress response

Understanding contributing factors helps guide effective treatment.

Panic Disorder

Panic disorder is characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks along with ongoing fear or concern about having additional attacks.

This persistent fear may lead to:

• Avoidance of certain places or situations

• Changes in daily routines

• Increased reliance on reassurance or safety behaviors

Without treatment, panic disorder can significantly restrict daily functioning.

Evaluation and Diagnosis

A comprehensive psychiatric evaluation may include:

• Review of panic symptoms and frequency

• Assessment of anxiety, mood, and stress levels

• Evaluation for medical conditions that may mimic panic symptoms

• Review of medications, caffeine use, and substance exposure

Accurate diagnosis is essential to develop an effective treatment plan.

Treatment Options for Panic Attacks and Panic Disorder

Panic disorder is highly treatable, especially when addressed early with evidence-based care.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

• Considered the first-line treatment

• Helps identify and modify unhelpful thought patterns

• Reduces fear of physical sensations and avoidance behaviors

Medications

• SSRIs for long-term symptom management

• Benzodiazepines for short-term or acute relief when appropriate

• Beta blockers to reduce physical symptoms such as rapid heart rate

Medication use is individualized and carefully monitored.

Lifestyle and Behavioral Changes

• Regular physical activity

• Limiting caffeine and alcohol

• Stress management and relaxation techniques

These strategies often support and enhance formal treatment.

Coping Strategies During a Panic Attack

While treatment focuses on prevention, certain techniques can help manage symptoms during an attack:

• Breathing exercises, such as 4-4-4 breathing

• 5-4-3-2-1 grounding technique to stay present

• Reminding yourself that the sensations will pass and are not dangerous

• Moving to a quiet, comfortable environment when possible

Learning these skills can reduce fear and shorten the duration of attacks.

Living With Panic Symptoms

With proper treatment and support, many individuals regain confidence and resume activities that were previously avoided. Early intervention can prevent panic attacks from developing into chronic panic disorder.