Overview of Depression

Depression is one of the most common mental health conditions. It is estimated that at least 1 in 6 people will experience clinical depression at some point in their lives.

Depression affects individuals across all ages, cultures, and professions. Even prominent historical figures — including President Abraham Lincoln — are believed to have experienced depression.

What Causes Depression?

Depression is often associated with chemical imbalances in the brain, but its effects extend far beyond mood alone.

It can also affect multiple systems in the body, including:

• Cardiovascular function
• Hormonal regulation
• Immune system activity

Depression is a medical condition, not a personal weakness. It can significantly influence how a person thinks, feels, behaves, and functions in everyday life.

The Impact of Untreated Depression

When depression becomes chronic or recurrent and is left untreated, it can have serious long-term consequences.

Studies indicate that individuals with untreated depression may live, on average, up to 10 years less than those who receive appropriate treatment and ongoing care.

The Good News – Depression Is Treatable

Depression is highly treatable, and most people experience meaningful improvement with the right approach.

• Approximately 2 out of 3 patients respond to their first antidepressant
• If the initial medication is ineffective, switching to another provides another 2 in 3 chance of improvement
• Even when early treatments fail, the overall likelihood of finding an effective option remains high

Recovery is possible, but it takes time.

Treatment Options for Depression

Psychotherapy (Talk Therapy)

Evidence-based therapy approaches include:

• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
• Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)
• Psychodynamic Therapy

Internal Family Systems Therapy ( IFS)

Medications

Common antidepressant classes include:

• Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), such as fluoxetine or sertraline
• Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs), such as venlafaxine or duloxetine
• Other antidepressants, as clinically appropriate

Medication selection should be individualized and guided by a qualified medical provider.

Lifestyle and Supportive Strategies

Lifestyle factors can play an important supportive role in treatment, including:

• Regular physical activity
• Improving sleep and nutrition
• Reducing alcohol or substance use
• Mindfulness practices or meditation

Myths About Antidepressants

Common misconceptions about antidepressants include:

• “Antidepressants are addictive.”
• “Once you start, you can never stop.”

These statements are not accurate. Antidepressants are not addictive, and
people may safely discontinue them when appropriate, under medical supervision.

For personalized guidance, it is important to consult a qualified mental health professional.

Recognizing the Symptoms of Depression

Depression does not always present as sadness alone. Symptoms may include:

• Anhedonia — loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities
• Weight or appetite changes
• Sleep disturbances, including insomnia or excessive sleeping
• Persistent fatigue or low energy
• Slowed movement or speech
• Difficulty concentrating or making decisions
• Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
• Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide

If symptoms persist for longer than two weeks, this may indicate Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), also known as clinical depression.

Types of Depression

• Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): Classic depression, often with a genetic component
• Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia): Long-term, lower-grade depression, often develops after childhood and adolescence trauma
• Situational Depression: Triggered by major life stressors or loss
• Substance-Induced Depression: Associated with alcohol, drugs, or medications
• Medical-Related Depression: Linked to chronic illness, hormonal changes, or PMS

Causes and Risk Factors for Depression

Common contributing factors include:

• Family history of depression
• Trauma or prolonged stress
• Chronic medical conditions
• Hormonal fluctuations
• Certain medications or substance use